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The Lao People's Democratic Republic is the modern state derived from the former kingdoms of Laos. The political source of Lao history and cultural identity is the Tai kingdom of Lan Xang, which during its apogee emerged as one of the largest kingdoms in Southeast Asia. Lao history is filled with frequent conflict and warfare, but infrequent scholarly attention. The resulting dates and references are approximate, and are rely on source material from court chronicles which survived both war and neglect, or outside sources from competing neighboring kingdoms in what are now China, Vietnam, Burma, Thailand, and Cambodia. Lao kingship was based upon the mandala system established by the example of King Ashoka. In theory, Lao kings and their successors were chosen by agreement of the king’s Sena (a council which could include senior royal family members, ministers, generals and senior members of the Sangha or clergy), through the validity the king’s lineage, and by personal Dharma through commitment to propagating Theravada Buddhism (the king was literally a Dharmaraja- as one who led by acts of religious virtue). Kingship was not based exclusively on primogeniture or divine right as was common in other monarchies. The monarchy traces its lineage to Chao Fa Ngum, who founded the Kingdom of Lan Xang in 1353 and beyond that to the mythical Khun Borom who was held as the mythical father of the Tai peoples and the progenitor of the Lao Loum. Lan Xang endured as a politically unified entity for three hundred years (1353–1694), which was then split into the kingdoms of Vientiane, Luang Prabang, and Champasak, only to be reconstituted as a unified constitutional monarchy under a French protectorate in 1946. At various times the kingdom Lan Xang fought off invasions from Burma, Siam and the Đại Việt. The traditional capital of Lan Xang was at Luang Prabang until it was moved in 1560 by King Setthathirath to better administer the growing population and provide security in facing threats from Burma and Siam. Lan Xang entered a Golden Age during the reigns of Visunarat (1501–1520) and Sourigna Vongsa from (1637–94), during these times the cultural and economic power of the kingdom were at their greatest. In 1828 Vientiane was razed by the Siamese, in retaliation for the Chao Anu Rebellion, at which point the kingdom of Vientiane ceased to exist. During the French Protectorate, Luang Prabang was reestablished as the cultural and religious capital, while the French rebuilt Vientiane as the country’s administrative capital. ==Kingdom of Lan Xang (1353–1707)== (詳細はLan Xang kings from the founding in 1353 by Fa Ngum, to the succession disputes following the death of Souligna Vongsa, and partition of the Kingdom in 1707. *Fa Ngum (1353–72)〔(Peter and Sanda, ''The Kingdoms of Laos: Six Hundred Years of History'', Curzon Press, Surrey. 1999. ISBN 0-7007-1531-2. (pg. 217); Le Boulanger, Paul, ''Histoire du Laos Francais: Essai d'une Etude chronologique des Principautes Laotiennes'', Plon, Paris. 1931 (pg.31); Dommen, Aurthur, J., ''Conflict in Laos: The Politics of Neutralization'', Pall Mall Press, London. 1964. (pg. 64); Hall, D.G.E., ''A History of Southeast Asia (4th ed.)'', Macmillan, London, 1994. ISBN 978-0333241646 (pg. 81) )〕 *Sam Sen Thai (1372–1417, son of Fa Ngum)〔(Simms, 99; Le Boulanger, 31; Sila, 64; Manich, 67; Hall, 81; Stuart-Fox, 93)〕 *Lan Kham Deng (1417–28 son of Sam Sen Thai)〔(Simms, 99; Le Boulanger, 31; Hall, 81)〕 *Maha Devi (1428–40) (The title of a powerful queen consort whose name is disputed (pehaps a queen of Sam Sen Thai) but served as regent/power broker through a succession of kings)〔(Stuart-Fox, Martin'' “Who was Maha Thevi?"'' Siam Society Journal, Vol 81. 1993.; ---, ''The Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang: Rise and Decline'', White Lotus Press, 1998. ISBN 974-8434-33-8. (pgs. 62-64).〕 *Phommathat (1428–29,reigned 10 months, son of Lan Kham Deng)〔(Simms, 99; Le Boulanger, 31; Hall, 81)〕 *Kham Teu *Yukorn (Meun Sai) (1429–30 reigned 8 months, son of Lan Kham Deng)〔(Simms, 99; Sila, Maha Viravong, ''History of Laos (trans)'', Paragon, New York. 1964.〕 *Khon Kham (1431–32, reigned 18 months, son of Sam Sen Thai)〔(Simms, 99; Sila, 64)〕 *Kham Tem Sa (1433, reigned 5 months, son of Sam Sen Thai)〔(Sila, 64; Manich, Jumsai, M.L.,'' History of Laos'', Charlermnit Press, Bangkok, 1971.〕 *Lu Sai (1434, reigned 6 months, son of Sam Sen Thai)〔(Simms, 99; Sila, 64; Manich, 71; Le Boulanger, 31)〕 *Khai Bua Ban (1435–38, grandson of Sam Sen Thai)〔(Simms, 99; Sila, 64; Manich, 71)〕 *Khong K *''Interregnum'' (1438–41, rule by Sena and members of Sangha)〔(Simms, 99; Manich, 71)〕 *Chakkaphat (1438–79, son of Sam Sen Thai)〔(Simms, 99; Le Boulanger, 31; Dommen, 64)〕 *Suvanna Banlang (Theng Kham) (1479–85, son of Chakkaphat)〔(Simms, 99; Sila, 64; Manich, 71)〕 *La Sen Thai (1485–95, son of Cha *Som Phou (Samphou) (1496–1501, son of La Sen Thai)〔(Simms, 99; Le Boulanger, 31; Hall, 81; Wyatt, 84)〕 *Vixun (Visoun, Visunarat) (1500–20, son of Chakkaphat) 1st Golden Age of Lan Xang〔(Simms, 99; Sila, 64; Coedes, George, ''The Making of Southeast Asia'' (trans) Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1966.; Stuart-Fox, 93)〕 *Photisarath (1520–48, son of Vixun)〔(Simms, 99; Le Boulanger, 31)〕 *Setthathirath (1550–1571, son of Photisarath, crowned king of Lan Xang; crowned king of La Na 1546-1551)〔(Simms, 218; Manich, 67; Saveng, 87; Wyatt, 84)〕 *Sen Soulintha (Saen Surin) (1571–72, minister and general to Setthathirath not of royal descent, regency)〔(Sila, 64; Saveng, Phinith, Contribution a l'Histoire du Royaume de Luang Prabang., École Française d'Extrême-Orient, Vol. CXLI, Paris, 1987.)〕 *Sen Soulintha (1572–75, crowned king of Lan Xang)〔(Simms, 99; Sila, 64)〕 *Tha Heua (1575–79, son of Photisarath, Burmese vassal)〔(Sila, 64; Manich, 67; Saveng, 87)〕 *Sen Soulintha (1579–82, reinstated)〔(Simms, 99; Hall, 81; Saveng, 87)〕 *Nakhon Noi (1582–83, son of Sen Soulintha, not of royal descent)〔(Simms, 99; Le Boulanger, 31; Sila, 64; Hall, 81)〕 *''Interregnum ''(1583–91)〔(Simms, 99; Le Boulanger, 31)〕 *Nokeo Koumane (1591–1598, son of Setthathirath)〔(Simms, 99; Le Boulanger, 31; Coedes, 66; Hall, 81; Saveng, 87〕 *Voravongsa (Thammikarath) (1598–1622, nephew of Setthathirath)〔(Sila, 64; Saveng, 87)〕 *Oupagnouvarath (1622–23, son of Voravongsa)〔(Simms, 99; Le Boulanger, 31; Sila, 64)〕 *Photisarath II (1623–27, son or grandson of Sen Soulintha, not of royal descent)〔(Simms 99, Le Boulanger, 31; Sila, 64)〕 *Mon Keo (Mongkeo) (1627, son of Voravongsa)〔(Sila, 64)〕 *Tone Kham (1627–33, son of Voravongsa)〔(Sila, 64)〕 *Vichai (1633–1637, son of Voravongsa)〔(Sila, 64)〕 *Souligna Vongsa (Sourinyavongsa) (1637–94, son of Tone Kham) 2nd Golden Age of Lan Xang〔(Coedes, 66; Le Boulanger, 31; Dommen, 64; Saveng, 87; Stuart-Fox, 93)〕 *Tian Thala (1694 or 1695, senior minister who usurps the throne, reigned 6 months)〔(Simms, 99, Le Boulanger, 31; Hall, 81)〕 *Ong Lo (1694–98, grandson of Souligna Vongsa)〔(Manich, 67)〕 *Nan Tharat (1699, grandson of Vichai)〔(Saveng, 87)〕 *Setthathirath II (Sai Ong Hue) (1700–07, nephew of Souligna Vongsa whose father was exiled to Vietnam)〔(Wyatt, 84; Le Boulanger, 31; Dommen, 64; Hall, 81)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of monarchs of Laos」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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